• The study evaluated serum biomarkers of lipid peroxidation, systemic inflammation, and axonal integrity in 100 randomly selected patients with ALS and included 100 healthy controls to allow for a meaningful comparison. Levels of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) at diagnosis were significantly correlated with length of survival in patients with ALS. In a previously reported Investigator Initiated Trial that studied the combination of subcutaneous low-dose interleukin 2 (LD IL-2) and CTLA-4 Ig, these biomarkers of survival were reduced from baseline